SOME & ANY

SOME & ANYenglish grammar

Kata some memiliki 2 pengertian yang berbeda, yakni:

1.       SOME =SEVERAL =BEBERAPA

Contoh:

·         They buy some new shirts

(Mereka membeli beberapa kemeja baru)

·         I borrowed some books from the library

(saya meminjam beberapa buku dari perpustakaan)

·         She enclosed some photos in her letter.

(dia melampirkan beberapa photodalam suratnya)

2.       SOME = SE/SESUATU

Contoh:

Ø  Rini gives him something

(rini memberikan sesuatu benda)

Ø  I go somewhere with someone.

(saya pergi ke sesuatu tempat bersama seseorang)

Ø  He met somebody there last night

(dia bertemu seseorang di sana tadi malam)

Ø  Please, go some other place!

(pergilah ke sesuatu t empat yang lain!)

“SOME” pada umumnya digunakan dalam kalimat berita atau kalimat positif, sedangkan dalam bentuk tanya dan negative ‘SOME’ digantikan dengan any.

KETERANGAN:

1)       

“SOME” pada umumnya digunakan dalam kalimat berita atau kalimat positif, sedangkan dalam bentuk tanya dan negative ‘SOME’ digantikan dengan any.

Contoh:

(+) They buy some new shirts.

(?) Do they buy any new shirts?

(-) they do not buy any new shirts.

NO=NOT… ANY

Ada beberapa variasiuntuk menyatakan bentuk kalimat negative dalam bahsa Inggris, diantaranya  adalah dengan menggunakan kata ‘NO’ yang dapat digantikan dengan kata ‘NOT’ dan diikuti dengan ‘ANY’

Contoh:

      They do not have any money

they have no money

      I cannot see anything without my glasses

I can see nothing without my glasses

      She does not love any body but you

She loves no body but you

SHORT NEGATIVE REASPONSES: Jawaban jawaban negtiv yang singkat sering kali kita gunakan dalam percakpan sehari-hari karena alas an praktis. Jawaban negative tersebut adalah: a.       NOWHERE/tidak kemana-mana…....... WHERE? b.      NOTHING/tak sesuatupun………. WHAT? c.       NO BODY/NO ONE(tak seorangpun)……….. WHO? d.      NEITHER (tak satupun dari dua pilihan)……….. WHICH? e.      NONE (tak satupun dari banyak pilihan)………. WHICH?

 

                            

CAUSATIVE: HAVE and GET

CAUSATIVES: HAVE & GET
Causative ‘have’ adalah susunan kalimat yang menggunakan kata ‘have’ untuk
menyatakan perbuatan yang dikerjakan orang lain untuk ‘subject’. Jadi kata ‘have’ di
sini berarti meminta, menyuruh, atau memerintah.
Bentuk-bentuk have:
1. have/has (present), sesuaikan dengan subjectnya
2. had (past)
Jenis Causative have:
1. Untuk Object Aktif : Object melakukan pekerjaan
Subject + have + Obj-aktif + Verb1
(Verb1 sering diartikan: me- / ber- )
Contoh:
I have the man clean the room ------ present
(Saya meminta orang itu membersihkan ruangan)
I = Subject
have = have
the man = obj-aktif
clean = Verb1
She has the man clean the room ------ present
(Dia meminta orang itu membersihkan ruangan)
We had the man clean the room yesterday ------ past
(Kami meminta orang itu membersihkan ruangan kemarin)
Perhatikan:
􀂷 Penggunaan have (have/has/had)
􀂷 Object Aktif (the man) --- melakukan pekerjaan
􀂷 Untuk memudahkan penerjemahan, Verb1 setelah object, artikan me- / ber-
2. Untuk Object Pasif : Object dikenai pekerjaan / yang dikerjakan
Subject + have + Obj-pasif + Verb3
(Verb3 sering diartikan: di- / ter- )
Contoh:
I have the room cleaned ------ present
(Saya meminta ruangan itu dibersihkan)
I = Subject
have = have
the room = obj-pasif
cleaned = Verb3

She has the room cleaned ------ present
(Dia meminta ruangan itu dibersihkan)
She had the room cleaned ------ past
(Dia meminta ruangan itu dibersihkan)
We had the room cleaned yesterday ------ past
(Kami meminta ruangan itu dibersihkan kemarin)
Perhatikan:
􀂷 Penggunaan have (have/has/had)
􀂷 Object pasif (the room) --- dikenai pekerjaan (yaitu dibersihkan)
􀂷 Untuk memudahkan penerjemahan, Verb3 setelah object, artikan di- / ter-
Ringkasan:
have + Obj + V1--- aktif (me-/ber-)
have + Obj + V3 --- pasif (di-/ter)
Bandingkan seandainya salah dalam menentukan Verb1 ataukah Verb3
􀂷 I have the room cleaned ------- benar
(Saya meminta ruangan itu dibersihkan)
􀂷 I have the room clean ------ salah (tidak logis)
(Saya meminta ruangan itu membersihkan)
--------------
Untuk Jenis Causative get, perbedaannya hanya di Object Aktif yaitu menggunakan
to-Verb1
1. Object Aktif: Subj + get + Obj-aktif + to-Verb1
I get the man to clean the room. (Saya meminta orang itu membersihkan
ruangan)
2. Object Pasif: Sub + get + Obj-pasif + Verb3
I get the room cleaned (Saya meminta ruangan itu dibersihkan)
Contoh Soal:
1. It is impossible for me to translate the book; so I had my assistant ______ it.
A. translate
B. to translate
C. translating
D. translated
E. to be translated
Pembahasan: so I had my assistant....it (jadi saya meminta asisten saya ..... buku itu). Cara
Cepat, yang logis adalah menterjemahkan, berarti aktif, menggunakan Verb1
(translate).
Jawab: A
2. Dani : Your dress looks very nice. Did you make it yourself?
Mia : No, ______.

A. I had it make at the tailor
B. the tailor had me make it
C. I had the tailor made it
D. The tailor had it make
E. I had it made at the tailor
Pembahasan: Kata it maksudnya adalah your dress. Ingat, dalam causative Verb1
diartikan me-/ber-, Verb3 diartikan di-/ter-. (A) Saya meminta baju itu membuat di
penjahit. (B) Penjahit meminta saya membuat baju itu. (C) Saya meminta penjahit
dibuatkan baju itu. (D) Penjahit meminta baju itu membuat. (E) Saya meminta baju itu
dibuatkan di penjahit. Maka jawaban yang logis adalah (E).
Jawab: E

Tenses

Dalam bahasa Inggris Tenses adalah suatu hal yang sangat penting dan perlu, oohh tidak maksut saya harus di pelajari dengan sunggguh sungguh karena tenses adalah salah satu modal seseorang untuk dapat berbahasa dengan baik.
sooo... izinkan saya berbagi ilmu dengan anda tentang tenses. Ok!

T E N S E S

I. PRESENT

   1. Simple Present Tense

    POLA:

Subject + Verb 1 + …. They /   We I   /   You

Subject + Verb s-es + ….     He  /   She  It

           

     FUNGSI:       

     a. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan (habitual action) atau kegiatan yang terjadi berulang – ulang dan terus menerus.

   Contoh :

 The students go to school everyday.

 She studies English twice a week.

 I go to church on Sundays

 We celebrate our independence day once in a year.

     b. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth).

         Contoh:

 The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west.

 The earth revolves round the sun.

 The pineapple never grows up on a tree.

      c. Digunakan dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya.

When the curtain rises, Juliet is writing on her desk. Suddenly the window opens and a masked man enters.

      KETERANGAN WAKTU:

1. Every morning/day/week/month/year
2. Once, twice, three times, four times, …
3. Adverb of frequency : always, usually, sometimes, often, never, seldom.

    2. Present Continuous Tense

      POLA :

Subyek + to be (is, am, are) + V-ing

      FUNGSI;

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu diucapkan.

Contoh:

 They are still playing at the moment.

 She is reading a novel now.

2. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi belum tentu sedang berlangsung ketika pernyataan diucapkan.

Contoh:

       I am learning French this year.

       Mr. Brown is teaching English.

      KETERANGAN WAKTU:    Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today.

      Note : Ketika ada kata kerja seperti: Look!, Listen!, Watch!, Notice! ( Imperative), maka tenses

                nya Present Continuous.

      Contoh:     *  Look! The man is climbing.

                 *  Listen! The girls next door are singing my favourite song.

3. Present Perfect Tense

    POLA:

Subject + Have  +  Verb 3 + ….                  Has

    FUNGSI :

    a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan waktunya tidak tertentu.

     Contoh :

       William Shakespeare has written many short stories.

       I have swept the floor. It looks clean now.

2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan lagi di waktu yang akan datang.

Contoh:

       My friends and I have gone to Bali.

       Shinta has visited her grand parents many times.

      KETERANGAN WAKTU: Since, for, just (baru saja), already, yet, so far.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

    POLA :

Subject + Have  + Been + Verb-ing                  Has

    FUNGSI :

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang mulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan sampai sekarang masih berlangsung.

Contoh:

       My sister has been studying English for three months.

       The students have been doing the test since 11 o’clock.

     KETERANGAN WAKTU: For, since.

5. Simple Past Tense

        POLA:

Subject + Verb 2 + Object + ….

       FUNGSI:

Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Contoh:

       I met my music teacher yesterday.

       My mother bought a new carpet last Sunday.

       Rendy closed the window five minutes ago.

       The students presented their project work this morning.

       KETERANGAN WAKTU:

-          Last ….                         -       …ago                                -       This afternoon

-          Just now            -       This morning                     -       Yesterday

6. Past Continuous Tense

         POLA:

Subject + was  + Verb- ing                 were

         FUNGSI:

1. Untuk menggambarkan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau.

 Contoh:

       I was studying at my friend’s house.

       My parents were chatting in the living room.

2. Untuk menggambarkan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau, dimana peristiwa lain juga terjadi .

Contoh:

       When I was studying, someone knocked the door.

       When I was walking to school, I met Dian sastro.

7.  Past Perfect tense

   POLA:

Subject + Had + Verb 3

     FUNGSI:

Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi sebelum kegiatan lain di waktu lampau muncul.

Contoh:  

       The teachers went home after they had finished teaching.

       When I arrived Kridosono, my favourite artist had performed.

    KETERANGAN WAKTU: when, after, before.

8. Future Tense

       POLA:

Subject + shall  + Verb 1 + …                 will

       FUNGSI:

1. Untuk menggambarkan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi.

Contoh:

       Bobby will come here tomorrow.

       I shall call my parents when I get home.

2. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa mendatang yangbukan merupakan keinginan atau kehendak.

Contoh:

       Tomy will be fourteen years old next year.

       We shall die one day.

      KETERANGAN WAKTU: Tomorrow, next week/month/year, the day after tomorrow.

Future Perfect Tense

I will have sung

The future perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about the past in the future.

How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?

The structure of the future perfect tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb WILL	+	auxiliary verb HAVE	+	main verb
		invariable		invariable		past participle
		will		have		V3

Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		auxiliary verb	main verb
+	I	will		have	finished	by 10am.
+	You	will		have	forgotten	me by then.
-	She	will	not	have	gone	to school.
-	We	will	not	have	left.
?	Will	you		have	arrived?
?	Will	they		have	received	it?

In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together:

I will have	I'll have	I'll've
you will have	you'll have	you'll've
he will have she will have it will have	he'll have she'll have it'll have	he'll've she'll've it'll've
we will have	we'll have	we'll've
they will have	they'll have	they'll've

 

We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.

How do we use the Future Perfect Tense?

The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:

• The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.

The train will have left when you arrive.
past	present	future
		Train leaves in future at 9am.
9 9.15
		You arrive in future at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

• You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
• They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
• "Mary won't be at home when you arrive."
  "Really? Where will she have gone?"

You can sometimes think of the future perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of your viewpoint being in the present, it is in the future:

present perfect tense				future perfect tense
	| have | done | > |					will | have | done | > |
past	now	future		past	now	future